Model file examples

David Palma, Stephane Hess

2024-10-01

About the package

Apollo is an R package designed for estimation and analysis of choice models (Train, 2008). This package allows estimating Multinomial logit (MNL), Nested logit (NL), cross-nested logit (CNL), exploded logit (EL), ordered logit (OL), Integrated Choice and Latent Variable (ICLV, Ben-Akiva et al. 2002), Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV, Bhat 2008), nested MDCEV (MDCNEV, Pinjari and Bhat 2010), and Decision Field Theory (DFT, Hancock and Hess 2018) models. All models support both continuous and discrete mixing (e.g. continuous random parameters, latent classes or finite mixtures), both between and within individuals (i.e at the individual and observation level). Different models can be easily combined for joint estimation. The package allows for classical estimation (i.e. maximum likelihood) as well as Bayesian estimation (i.e. hierarchical Bayes, through package RSGHB).

All functionalities are described in the manual, available at www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com. Examples can also be found on the website.

MNL model file example

In this section, we present code to estimate an MNL model using the synthetic data included in the package. In the postprocessing, we predict the impact on mode share of a 10% increase in the cost of the train fare. The utility functions of alternatives are defined as follows.

\[U_{nsi} = asc_i + \beta_{tt}tt_{nsi} + \beta_{c}*cost_{nsi} + \varepsilon_{nsi}\]

Where n indexes individuals, s choice scenarios, and i alternatives. \(asc_i\) is the alternative specific constant, \(tt_{nsi}\) is the travel time and \(cost_{nsi}\) is the cost. \(\varepsilon_{nsi}\) is an independent identically distributed standard Gumbel error term. \(asc_i\), \(\beta_{tt}\) and \(\beta_{c}\) are parameters to be estimated.

The likelihood function of this model for individual \(n\) is as follows.

\[L_{n}=\prod_{s}P_{nsi}\]

Where \[P_{nsi}=\frac{e^{V_{nsi}}}{\sum_{j}e^{V_{nsj}}}\] And \(V_{nsi}=U_{nsi}-\varepsilon_{nsi}\), i.e. the deterministic part of the utility.

The likelihood function of the MNL model is pre-coded in Apollo, so we do not need to type it ourselves. However, if the user prefers to write the likelihood themselves, they can also do it. The pre-coded MNL likelihood function (apollo_mnl) requires a series of inputs defined inside the mnl_settings object.

# ####################################################### #
#### 1. Definition of core settings                        
# ####################################################### #

### Clear memory
rm(list = ls())

### Load libraries
library(apollo)
#> 
#> 
#>              . ,,                                                            
#>             ,      ,,                                                        
#>  ,,,,,,    ,         ,,                                                      
#> ,     ,,  ,            ,,,,.                                                 
#> ,,     , ,,   ,,,,,,    ,,,                                 //  //           
#>   ,     ,,,.   ,,,,,.   ,,      ////                        //  //           
#> ,,     ,,,,,.           ,,     // //     //////    /////    //  //    /////  
#> ,,,        ,,           ,      //  //    /    //  //   //   //  //   //   // 
#>               ,,       ,      ////////   /    //  //   //   //  //   //   // 
#>                 ,,   ,,      //     //   /   ///  //   //   //  //   //   // 
#>                    ,         //      //  /////      ///      //  //    ///   
#>                                          //                                  
#>                                          //                                  
#> 
#> Apollo 0.3.4
#> http://www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com
#> See url for a detailed manual, examples and a user forum.
#> Sign up to the user forum to receive updates on new releases.
#> 
#> Please cite Apollo in all written material you produce:
#> Hess S, Palma D (2019). "Apollo: a flexible, powerful and customisable
#> freeware package for choice model estimation and application." Journal
#> of Choice Modelling, 32. doi:10.1016/j.jocm.2019.100170

### Initialise code
apollo_initialise()

### Set core controls
apollo_control = list(
  modelName  ="MNL",
  modelDescr ="Simple MNL model on mode choice SP data",
  indivID    ="ID"
)

# ####################################################### #
#### 2. Data loading                                   ####
# ####################################################### #

data("apollo_modeChoiceData", package="apollo")
database = apollo_modeChoiceData
rm(apollo_modeChoiceData)

### Use only SP data
database = subset(database,database$SP==1)

# ####################################################### #
#### 3. Parameter definition                           ####
# ####################################################### #

### Vector of parameters, including any that are kept fixed 
### during estimation
apollo_beta=c(asc_car  = 0,
              asc_bus  = 0,
              asc_air  = 0,
              asc_rail = 0,
              b_tt_car = 0,
              b_tt_bus = 0,
              b_tt_air = 0,
              b_tt_rail= 0,
              b_c      = 0)

### Vector with names (in quotes) of parameters to be
###  kept fixed at their starting value in apollo_beta.
### Use apollo_beta_fixed = c() for no fixed parameters.
apollo_fixed = c("asc_car")

# ####################################################### #
#### 4. Input validation                               ####
# ####################################################### #

apollo_inputs = apollo_validateInputs()
#> Several observations per individual detected based on the value of ID.
#>   Setting panelData in apollo_control set to TRUE.
#> All checks on apollo_control completed.
#> All checks on database completed.

# ####################################################### #
#### 5. Likelihood definition                          ####
# ####################################################### #

apollo_probabilities=function(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs, 
                              functionality="estimate"){

  ### Attach inputs and detach after function exit
  apollo_attach(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs)
  on.exit(apollo_detach(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs))

  ### Create list of probabilities P
  P = list()
  
  ### List of utilities: these must use the same names as
  ### in mnl_settings, order is irrelevant.
  V = list()
  V[['car']] = asc_car + b_tt_car *time_car + b_c*cost_car
  V[['bus']] = asc_bus + b_tt_bus *time_bus + b_c*cost_bus
  V[['air']] = asc_air + b_tt_air *time_air + b_c*cost_air
  V[['rail']]= asc_rail+ b_tt_rail*time_rail+ b_c*cost_rail
  
  ### Define settings for MNL model component
  mnl_settings = list(
    alternatives  = c(car=1, bus=2, air=3, rail=4), 
    avail         = list(car=av_car, bus=av_bus, 
                         air=av_air, rail=av_rail), 
    choiceVar     = choice,
    V             = V
  )
  
  ### Compute probabilities using MNL model
  P[['model']] = apollo_mnl(mnl_settings, functionality)

  ### Take product across observation for same individual
  P = apollo_panelProd(P, apollo_inputs, functionality)

  ### Prepare and return outputs of function
  P = apollo_prepareProb(P, apollo_inputs, functionality)
  return(P)
}

# ####################################################### #
#### 6. Model estimation and reporting                 ####
# ####################################################### #

model = apollo_estimate(apollo_beta, apollo_fixed, 
                        apollo_probabilities, 
                        apollo_inputs,
                        list(writeIter=FALSE))
#> Preparing user-defined functions.
#> 
#> Testing likelihood function...
#> 
#> Overview of choices for MNL model component :
#>                                      car     bus     air    rail
#> Times available                  5446.00 6314.00 5264.00 6118.00
#> Times chosen                     1946.00  358.00 1522.00 3174.00
#> Percentage chosen overall          27.80    5.11   21.74   45.34
#> Percentage chosen when available   35.73    5.67   28.91   51.88
#> 
#> 
#> Pre-processing likelihood function...
#> 
#> Testing influence of parameters
#> Starting main estimation
#> 
#> BGW using analytic model derivatives supplied by caller...
#> 
#> 
#>     it    nf     F            RELDF    PRELDF    RELDX    MODEL stppar
#>      0     1 8.196020532e+03
#>      1     4 7.185529562e+03 1.233e-01 1.357e-01 1.00e+00   G   3.86e+00
#>      2     5 6.432806585e+03 1.048e-01 1.280e-01 5.09e-01   G   8.17e-01
#>      3     7 5.934539400e+03 7.746e-02 7.042e-02 5.33e-01   S   3.05e-02
#>      4     8 5.820228979e+03 1.926e-02 2.037e-02 3.49e-01   G   9.43e-03
#>      5     9 5.802171727e+03 3.102e-03 2.895e-03 1.99e-01   S   0.00e+00
#>      6    10 5.802023008e+03 2.563e-05 2.526e-05 2.02e-02   S   0.00e+00
#>      7    11 5.802022829e+03 3.094e-08 2.874e-08 3.45e-04   S   0.00e+00
#>      8    12 5.802022826e+03 3.757e-10 3.623e-10 2.30e-05   S   0.00e+00
#>      9    13 5.802022826e+03 1.499e-12 1.453e-12 3.34e-06   S   0.00e+00
#> 
#> ***** Relative function convergence *****
#> 
#> Estimated parameters with approximate standard errors from BHHH matrix:
#>              Estimate     BHHH se BHH t-ratio (0)
#> asc_car      0.000000          NA              NA
#> asc_bus      0.011527    0.534638         0.02156
#> asc_air     -0.649527    0.268497        -2.41912
#> asc_rail    -1.235739    0.320460        -3.85614
#> b_tt_car    -0.010061  6.2164e-04       -16.18479
#> b_tt_bus    -0.016422    0.001440       -11.40473
#> b_tt_air    -0.011831    0.002360        -5.01344
#> b_tt_rail   -0.004779    0.001690        -2.82867
#> b_c         -0.052923    0.001394       -37.95213
#> 
#> Final LL: -5802.0228
#> 
#> Calculating log-likelihood at equal shares (LL(0)) for applicable
#>   models...
#> Calculating log-likelihood at observed shares from estimation data
#>   (LL(c)) for applicable models...
#> Calculating LL of each model component...
#> Calculating other model fit measures
#> Computing covariance matrix using numerical jacobian of analytical
#>   gradient.
#>  0%....25%....50%....75%.100%
#> Negative definite Hessian with maximum eigenvalue: -3.304563
#> Computing score matrix...
#> 
#> Your model was estimated using the BGW algorithm. Please acknowledge
#>   this by citing Bunch et al. (1993) - DOI 10.1145/151271.151279

apollo_modelOutput(model)
#> Model run by stephane.hess using Apollo 0.3.4 on R 4.4.0 for Darwin.
#> Please acknowledge the use of Apollo by citing Hess & Palma (2019)
#>   DOI 10.1016/j.jocm.2019.100170
#>   www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com
#> 
#> Model name                                  : MNL
#> Model description                           : Simple MNL model on mode choice SP data
#> Model run at                                : 2024-10-01 11:09:55.434368
#> Estimation method                           : bgw
#> Model diagnosis                             : Relative function convergence
#> Optimisation diagnosis                      : Maximum found
#>      hessian properties                     : Negative definite
#>      maximum eigenvalue                     : -3.304563
#>      reciprocal of condition number         : 2.93236e-08
#> Number of individuals                       : 500
#> Number of rows in database                  : 7000
#> Number of modelled outcomes                 : 7000
#> 
#> Number of cores used                        :  1 
#> Model without mixing
#> 
#> LL(start)                                   : -8196.02
#> LL at equal shares, LL(0)                   : -8196.02
#> LL at observed shares, LL(C)                : -6706.94
#> LL(final)                                   : -5802.02
#> Rho-squared vs equal shares                  :  0.2921 
#> Adj.Rho-squared vs equal shares              :  0.2911 
#> Rho-squared vs observed shares               :  0.1349 
#> Adj.Rho-squared vs observed shares           :  0.1342 
#> AIC                                         :  11620.05 
#> BIC                                         :  11674.87 
#> 
#> Estimated parameters                        : 8
#> Time taken (hh:mm:ss)                       :  00:00:0.56 
#>      pre-estimation                         :  00:00:0.18 
#>      estimation                             :  00:00:0.14 
#>      post-estimation                        :  00:00:0.24 
#> Iterations                                  :  9  
#> 
#> Unconstrained optimisation.
#> 
#> Estimates:
#>              Estimate        s.e.   t.rat.(0)    Rob.s.e. Rob.t.rat.(0)
#> asc_car      0.000000          NA          NA          NA            NA
#> asc_bus      0.011527    0.540840     0.02131    0.541641       0.02128
#> asc_air     -0.649527    0.269903    -2.40652    0.266912      -2.43349
#> asc_rail    -1.235739    0.321846    -3.83953    0.312776      -3.95088
#> b_tt_car    -0.010061  6.3867e-04   -15.75317  6.5823e-04     -15.28521
#> b_tt_bus    -0.016422    0.001453   -11.30287    0.001480     -11.09957
#> b_tt_air    -0.011831    0.002402    -4.92629    0.002370      -4.99140
#> b_tt_rail   -0.004779    0.001650    -2.89724    0.001623      -2.94420
#> b_c         -0.052923    0.001422   -37.21134    0.001701     -31.11205

#apollo_saveOutput(model)

# ####################################################### #
#### 7. Postprocessing of results                      ####
# ####################################################### #

### Use the estimated model to make predictions
predictions_base = apollo_prediction(model, 
                                     apollo_probabilities, 
                                     apollo_inputs)
#> Running predictions from model using parameter estimates...
#> Prediction at user provided parameters
#>               car    bus     air    rail
#> Aggregate 1946.00 358.00 1522.00 3174.00
#> Average      0.28   0.05    0.22    0.45
#> 
#> The output from apollo_prediction is a matrix containing the
#>   predictions at the estimated values.

### Now imagine the cost for rail increases by 10% 
### and predict again
database$cost_rail = 1.1*database$cost_rail
apollo_inputs   = apollo_validateInputs()
#> Several observations per individual detected based on the value of ID.
#>   Setting panelData in apollo_control set to TRUE.
#> All checks on apollo_control completed.
#> All checks on database completed.
predictions_new = apollo_prediction(model, 
                                    apollo_probabilities, 
                                    apollo_inputs)
#> Running predictions from model using parameter estimates...
#> Prediction at user provided parameters
#>               car    bus     air    rail
#> Aggregate 2132.59 399.33 1645.75 2822.34
#> Average      0.30   0.06    0.24    0.40
#> 
#> The output from apollo_prediction is a matrix containing the
#>   predictions at the estimated values.

### Compare predictions
change=(predictions_new-predictions_base)/predictions_base
### Not interested in chosen alternative now, 
### so drop last column
change=change[,-ncol(change)]
### Summary of changes (possible presence of NAs due to
### unavailable alternatives)
summary(change)
#>        ID     Observation      car              bus              air        
#>  Min.   :0   Min.   :0    Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000   Min.   :0.0000  
#>  1st Qu.:0   1st Qu.:0    1st Qu.:0.0725   1st Qu.:0.0738   1st Qu.:0.0704  
#>  Median :0   Median :0    Median :0.1168   Median :0.1218   Median :0.1100  
#>  Mean   :0   Mean   :0    Mean   :0.1105   Mean   :0.1225   Mean   :0.1121  
#>  3rd Qu.:0   3rd Qu.:0    3rd Qu.:0.1509   3rd Qu.:0.1674   3rd Qu.:0.1517  
#>  Max.   :0   Max.   :0    Max.   :0.2339   Max.   :0.4326   Max.   :0.3677  
#>                           NA's   :1554     NA's   :686      NA's   :1736    
#>       rail        
#>  Min.   :-0.3028  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.2060  
#>  Median :-0.1340  
#>  Mean   :-0.1434  
#>  3rd Qu.:-0.0723  
#>  Max.   :-0.0022  
#>  NA's   :882

MMNL model file example

In this section, we present code to estimate a mixed MNL model (MMNL) using the synthetic data included in the package. After estimation, we predict the effect of a 10% increase in the train fares. The utility function of the model remains the same than in the previous example, i.e.:

\[U_{nsi} = asc_i + \beta_{tt}tt_{nsi} + \beta_{c}*cost_{nsi} + \varepsilon_{nsi}\]

Where n indexes individuals, s choice scenarios, and i alternatives. \(asc_i\) is the alternative specific constant, \(tt_{nsi}\) is the travel time and \(cost_{nsi}\) is the cost. \(\varepsilon_{nsi}\) is an independent identically distributed standard Gumbel error term. \(\beta_{tt}\) follows a log-normal distribution with the underlying normal having a mean \(\mu_{tt}\) and standard deviation \(\sigma_{tt}\). \(asc_i\), \(\beta_{c}\), \(\mu_{tt}\) and \(\sigma_{tt}\) are parameters to be estimated.

The likelihood function of this model for individual \(n\) is as follows.

\[L_{n}=\int_{\beta_{tt}}\prod_{s}P_{nsi}f(\beta_{tt})d\beta_{tt}\]

Where \(P_{nsi}=\frac{e^{V_{nsi}}}{\sum_{j}e^{V_{nsj}}}\), \(V_{nsi}=U_{nsi}-\varepsilon_{nsi}\), and \(f\) is the probability density function of \(\beta_{tt}\). As this function does not have an analytical closed form, we estimate it using Monte Carlo integration, i.e.:

\[L_{n}\approx\frac{1}{R}\sum_{\beta_{tt}^r}\prod_{s}P_{nsi}^r\] Where \(P_{nsi}^r=P_{nsi}(\beta_{tt}^r)\), with \(\beta_{tt}^r\) a random draw of \(\beta_{tt}\) from its distribution \(f\), and R is a big number.

The code is very similar to the previous example, with only sections 1 and 3 changing. * In section 1 we set mixing = TRUE inside apollo_control, and we set nCores = 2 to speed up estimation by using two computing threads (this is not mandatory). * In section 3 we define the mean (b_tt_mu) and standar deviation (b_tt_sigma) of the underlying normal distribution. We then define the type, name and number of draws used. Finally, we construct the random coefficient \(\beta_{tt}\) inside a function called apollo_randCoeff. We use 500 inter-individual draws that come from a standard normal distribution, which we later transform into log-normals inside apollo_randCoeff.

Even though in this case we only use inter-individual draws, note that inter and intra-individuals draws can be used simultaneously. Inter-individual draws capture variability between individuals, while intra-individual draws capture variability within individuals. In terms of the Monte Carlo integration, inter-individual draws are common for all observations from the same individual, while intra-individual draws are different for each observations. In terms of the likelihood function, the use of intra-individual draws would lead to \(L_{n}\approx\prod_{s}\frac{1}{R}\sum_{\beta_{tt}^r}P_{nsi}\), which is not the case in this model.

Estimation of models with mixing is computationally more demanding than models without mixing. Furthermore, using both inter and intra-individual requires large amounts of memory, which can further slow the estimation process. For this reason, this example is not run automatically. Yet, the users may copy and paste the code in a script, and run it themselves.

# ####################################################### #
#### 1. Definition of core settings                        
# ####################################################### #

### Clear memory
rm(list = ls())

### Load libraries
library(apollo)

### Initialise code
apollo_initialise()

### Set core controls
apollo_control = list(
  modelName  ="MMNL",
  modelDescr ="Simple MMNL model on mode choice SP data",
  indivID    ="ID",
  mixing     = TRUE,
  nCores     = 2
)

# ####################################################### #
#### 2. Data loading                                   ####
# ####################################################### #

data("apollo_modeChoiceData", package="apollo")
database = apollo_modeChoiceData
rm(apollo_modeChoiceData)

### Use only SP data
database = subset(database,database$SP==1)

### Create new variable with average income
database$mean_income = mean(database$income)

# ####################################################### #
#### 3. Parameter definition                           ####
# ####################################################### #

### Vector of parameters, including any that are kept fixed 
### during estimation
apollo_beta=c(asc_car  = 0,
              asc_bus  =-2,
              asc_air  =-1,
              asc_rail =-1,
              mu_tt    =-4,
              sigma_tt = 0,
              b_c      = 0)

### Vector with names (in quotes) of parameters to be
###  kept fixed at their starting value in apollo_beta.
### Use apollo_beta_fixed = c() for no fixed parameters.
apollo_fixed = c("asc_car")

### Set parameters for generating draws
apollo_draws = list(
  interDrawsType = "halton",
  interNDraws    = 500,
  interUnifDraws = c(),
  interNormDraws = c("draws_tt")
)

### Create random parameters
apollo_randCoeff = function(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs){
  randcoeff = list()
  
  randcoeff[["b_tt"]] = -exp(mu_tt + sigma_tt*draws_tt)
  
  return(randcoeff)
}

# ####################################################### #
#### 4. Input validation                               ####
# ####################################################### #

apollo_inputs = apollo_validateInputs()

# ####################################################### #
#### 5. Likelihood definition                          ####
# ####################################################### #

apollo_probabilities=function(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs, 
                              functionality="estimate"){
  
  ### Attach inputs and detach after function exit
  apollo_attach(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs)
  on.exit(apollo_detach(apollo_beta, apollo_inputs))
  
  ### Create list of probabilities P
  P = list()
  
  ### List of utilities: these must use the same names as
  ### in mnl_settings, order is irrelevant.
  V = list()
  V[['car']]  = asc_car  + b_tt*time_car  + b_c*cost_car
  V[['bus']]  = asc_bus  + b_tt*time_bus  + b_c*cost_bus 
  V[['air']]  = asc_air  + b_tt*time_air  + b_c*cost_air   
  V[['rail']] = asc_rail + b_tt*time_rail + b_c*cost_rail  
  
  ### Define settings for MNL model component
  mnl_settings = list(
    alternatives  = c(car=1, bus=2, air=3, rail=4), 
    avail         = list(car=av_car, bus=av_bus, 
                         air=av_air, rail=av_rail), 
    choiceVar     = choice,
    V             = V
  )
  
  ### Compute probabilities using MNL model
  P[['model']] = apollo_mnl(mnl_settings, functionality)
  
  ### Take product across observation for same individual
  P = apollo_panelProd(P, apollo_inputs, functionality)
  
  ### Average draws
  P = apollo_avgInterDraws(P, apollo_inputs, functionality)
  
  ### Prepare and return outputs of function
  P = apollo_prepareProb(P, apollo_inputs, functionality)
  return(P)
}

# ####################################################### #
#### 6. Model estimation and reporting                 ####
# ####################################################### #

model = apollo_estimate(apollo_beta, apollo_fixed, 
                        apollo_probabilities, 
                        apollo_inputs,
                        list(writeIter=FALSE))

apollo_modelOutput(model)

#apollo_saveOutput(model)

# ####################################################### #
#### 7. Postprocessing of results                      ####
# ####################################################### #

### Use the estimated model to make predictions
predictions_base = apollo_prediction(model, 
                                     apollo_probabilities, 
                                     apollo_inputs)

### Now imagine the cost for rail increases by 10% 
### and predict again
database$cost_rail = 1.1*database$cost_rail
apollo_inputs   = apollo_validateInputs()
predictions_new = apollo_prediction(model, 
                                    apollo_probabilities, 
                                    apollo_inputs)

### Compare predictions
change=(predictions_new-predictions_base)/predictions_base
### Not interested in chosen alternative now, 
### so drop last column
change=change[,-ncol(change)]
### Summary of changes (possible presence of NAs due to
### unavailable alternatives)
summary(change)

References